福建省峦大杉人工林二元材积表的研制

应用南平、三明两地24年生、15年生的峦大杉人工林试验样地数据和树干解析资料,选用多模型优选法研制峦大杉人工林二元立木材积表,选用相关指数、系统误差、平均误差和剩余标准差作为评价指标,并绘制残差图检验模型的稳定性。结果表明:15个备选模型中有11个模型具有很好的拟合效果。经检验,用传统山本式编制的材积表完全符合生产上的精度要求,可在森林资源调查中推广应用。     

西双版纳州低效林改造实践与思考

介绍西双版纳州低效林改造的总体思路、低效林的界定和范围、改造方式、具体措施等实施情况。项目实施以来其生态效益、社会效益、经济效益已初步彰显,但尚存在受采伐限额限制,技术含量不高,项目申报程序复杂,管理模式单一等问题。藉此,提出加强政策研究,不断改进技术,增加资金投入,优化管理模式等建议。     

蚱蝉的研究进展

指出了蚱蝉（Cryptotympana atrata）在我国分布极为广泛、危害严重,是重要的农林业害虫,也是重要的食用昆虫资源,具有较高的营养价值和药用价值。根据国内外蚱蝉相关研究,对蚱蝉的生物学特性、综合防治技术以及蚱蝉的营养价值研究进展进行了概述,并对蚱蝉的开发利用前景进行了展望,以期为蚱蝉的研究和开发提供参考。     

Effects of temperature, wind and spawning stock biomass on recruitment of Arcto-Norwegian cod

Sea temperature has earlier been shown to have a large influence on the recruitment of Arcto-Norwegian cod, Gadus morhua. We here hypothesize that this linkage is partly due to the direct effect of temperature on larval and juvenile growth. Secondly, temperature acts as a proxy for both biotic and abiotic factors influencing recruitment. Indices of abundance of early juvenile cod (2–3 months old), 0-group cod (4–5 months old) and 3-year-old cod are analysed in more detail against the environmental temperature, wind stress components, wind-induced turbulent energy and the spawning stock biomass. To deal with autocorrelation, non-stationar-time and nun-normality, which complicate a statistical time series analysis, randomization and Box-Jenkins methods are applied. In addition to the important effect of high sea temperature during the early life stage in forming strong year classes, the results show that the spawning stock biomass is nearly as important. Also, alongshore southerly wind stress anomalies during the period of pelagic drift (from April through summer) and offshore wind stress anomalies during egg and early larval stages (in April) act favourably on recruitment. The beneficial effect of southerly wind anomalies could he linked partly to high temperature, but the flux of zooplankton-rich water from the Norwegian Sea into the feeding areas of the Barents Sea may also be increased. The favourable influence of offshore winds in April is less predominant and causal links are also less clear; possible explanations for this might be increased offshore spreading of eggs and early larvae, resulting in reduced risk of predation, and increased compensation inflow of intermediate Norwegian Sea water which, in this restricted period of time, has a high concentration of spawning copepods suitable as prey for the developing cod larvae.     

Determination of top-dressing for rice in the field by the detection of asparagine

It is well known that an increase of and better grain can be obtained by the application of an adequate amount of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, thirty to twenty five days before heading, and this is a common practice of top-dressing, being called “Hogoe” in Japanese. It is also well known that excess of nitrogen supplied at this time makes plants weak against mechanical injury, insects and disease. For the application of “Hogoe”, therefore, an accurate diagnosis of the nitrogen nutrient condition of rice is required. In a series of investigations on the nitrogen metabolism, the author found that asparagine appeared in parallel with the increase of nitrogen concentration in rice plants, and considered that the detection of asparagine would be a good indicator for assessing the nitrogen requirement of rice lantst^l).     

Effect of cadmium on autoxidation rate of tissue and inducing accumulation of free proline in seedlings of mung bean

Solution cultures were conducted to investigate the effects of cadmium (Cd) toxicity on the growth of mung bean (Phaseolus aures Roxb. cv VC‐3762), autoxidation rate of tissue and accumulation of proline. Results showed that leaf proline concentrations increased significantly in response to increasing Cd concentrations from 0 to 20 umol L^‐1 Cd in the solution. Compared to the control, Cd treatments increased lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde concentration) and autoxidation rate of leaves and roots. In all treatments, leaves of mung bean had greater proline concentration and had lower the autoxidation rate of tissue than the roots. There was a close positive relationship between accumulation of free proline and the rate of tissue autoxidation.     

Effect of zinc application methods on apparent utilization efficiency of zinc and phosphorus fertilizers under basmati rice–wheat rotation

To examine the effect of zinc (Zn) application method on the utilization of phosphorus (P) from applied P fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted on basmati rice–wheat rotation with combinations of Zn levels (0, soil application of 2.5 kg Zn ha ^{– 1} and two foliar applications of 2.0 kg Zn ha ^–1) and P levels (0, soil application of 8.7, 17.5 and 26.2 kg P ha ^–1). The highest pooled grain yields of basmati rice and wheat were obtained with soil application of 17.5 kg P ha ^–1 and foliar applications of 2 kg Zn ha ^–1. Foliar applications of Zn increased the P concentration in grain and straw and the total P uptake by basmati rice and the P concentration in flag leaves of wheat significantly, while soil or foliar application of Zn increased the total P uptake of wheat. Phosphorus application increased the Zn concentration in flag leaves, grain and straw of basmati rice and in grain and straw of wheat and the total Zn uptake of both crops. Phosphorus levels up to 17.5 kg P ha ^–1 increased utilization efficiency of soil or foliar application of Zn. Zinc application increased the P utilization efficiency of basmati rice and wheat up to 17.5 kg P ha ^–1 level; foliar Zn application was more effective in a wheat crop than a rice crop.     

长秧龄机插稻氮素利用特性及其与环境温度的相关性

秧龄是决定机插稻产量的重要因素,适宜的秧龄是其获取高产的基础。麦（油）稻两熟区,由于茬口安排紧、插秧机械作业繁重、不利天气等因素的影响,常导致机插秧苗未在适宜秧龄期移栽,超秧龄现象普遍存在,对机插稻产量构成威胁。该文旨在阐明长秧龄机插稻对氮素的需求规律和利用效率。试验设置手栽稻为对照,系统研究了长秧龄机插稻生育期、植株氮素需求、吸收、转运的变化规律及其与环境温度间的相关性。结果表明,长秧龄机插稻生育期比手栽稻推迟4～13 d;孕穗至成熟期,中早熟品种氮素需求量小于手栽稻,中晚熟品种则大于手栽稻;孕穗至抽穗期,长秧龄机插稻叶片与茎鞘的氮素输出量、输出率呈下降趋势;抽穗至成熟期,长秧龄机插稻叶片氮素输出量、输出率、转换率升高;成熟期,穗部氮素吸收量降低。典型相关分析表明,稻株氮素需求量、孕穗至抽穗期茎鞘氮素输出量、输出率与有效积温的相关性最密切;叶片氮转换率与平均气温的关联性最紧密。长秧龄机插稻对氮素的吸收利用特性不仅与品种有关,而且与环境温度变化相关,生产中,可依据品种特性,在常规施肥基础上,适当减少中早熟品种长秧龄机插稻穗肥的施用比例,在保证安全齐穗的前提下,适当增大中晚熟品种穗肥的施用比例,采取有效的农艺调控,提高稻株对氮素的吸收利用率,尽量弥补超秧龄所造成的产量损失。该研究可为长秧龄机插水稻的大田氮肥管理提供参考。     

生态需水研究进展及估算方法评述

生态需水研究是实现水资源优化配置、维持流域生态环境健康发展的前提和基础。在当前生态需水研究中,估算方法众多,选用的监测指标提供的整体信息容易发生重叠,不易得出生态需水变化规律。为此,在回顾国内外生态需水研究进展的基础上,对生态需水量估算方法的优缺点、适用条件等方面进行了系统评价,以便在实际应用中根据研究目的选用不同方法。同时,指出当前研究中存在诸如术语混乱、概念不清、定量研究突破少等若干问题,今后应从加强收集监测资料、建立生态学模型、建立一套完善的生态需水概念体系,以及加强多学科合作交流等方面提出未来研究方向。